ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to the following for helping with this publication: Alison and Stephen Carter for their unswerving support and generosity; Miriam McWilliam for her design and encouragement; Dr Patricia Meldrum and Cameron Rose for historical advice, and for Phil Holden and a host of others that have upheld me during the whole process. Edinburgh City Motto since 1647: Nisi Dominus Frustra 'Except the Lord in vain'. Taken from Psalm 127: 'Except the Lord build the house They labour in vain that build it: Except the Lord keep the city The watchmen waketh but in vain.'